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We are still writing a paper together (stay tuned!) so it feels like he hasn’t really left, but our beloved postdoc Jeff Markowitz recently decamped to start his own laboratory at Georgia Tech (https://bme.gatech.edu/bme/faculty/Jeffrey-Markowitz). We won’t even try to summarize all his many contributions to the lab and all of the great science he did (although see https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29779950/), but he is a amazing both as a scientist and a person, and he will be sorely missed. Anyone interested in a terrific mentor at Georgia Tech/Emory should check out his new lab, which will work on building better brain-machine interfaces. Pic of goodbye party below…as well as a special message from the most powerful individual in the universe.

Sara Jager (https://www.saraejager.com/) is a postdoc at King’s College, and in her spare time makes science cartoons. She liked the Brann COVID paper, and so did one about smell and the pandemic – check it out!

 

This year was messed up in so many ways, but here in the Datta lab we are counting our blessings. Very few of us have gotten COVID, for the most part things are safe enough that we can work (everyone is vaxxed and masked, of course), and despite all the challenges we got some great science done in the last year. To celebrate the season (and the ending of 2021, which really needed to end) we all got a PCR test, then an antigen test, then had our holiday party (thanks Maya for hosting!!!). We did a Yankee swap with a twist – if you were the last to steal a gift, you had to sing! Embarrassing clips below. We wish everyone the best for a wonderful and safe holiday, and look forward to doing more science and having more fun in 2022.

 

 

Check out the lab’s latest paper in Cell, led by Tatsuya and David, which demonstrates that olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) — the cells in the nose responsible for detecting smells — use regulated gene expression to flexibly make predictions about which odors are present in the environment and to dynamically adapt their odor responses (paper here, also for those of you on twitter, see tweet thread here). We are super excited about this work, in no small part because it revises basic ideas about how the olfactory system works. It has long been thought that OSNs (each of which expresses only one of the ~1000 possible odorant receptors (ORs) encoded in the genome) faithfully send information to the brain about OR-odor interactions. The brain, in this model, therefore has access to stable information about the degree to which any given OR is activated; this fixed peripheral odor code, in principle, enables the brain not only to decode odor identity and concentration, but also to make predictions about which odors are constantly present in the background, thereby enabling the brain to emphasize new information over predictable or constant stimuli. In this view, OSNs are passive cellular vehicles whose main purpose is to express a given OR and a set of signaling molecules that couple ORs to spikes — the brain listens to these spikes, and then does all the good stuff.

In contrast to this canonical model, Tatsuya and David’s amazing work (with tons of help from Greg and Stan) reveals that the nose uses a novel transcriptional mechanism to itself make odor predictions.  We’ll leave all the many surprises to the paper itself, but the work reveals that each subtype of OSN (as identified by which OR it expresses) has a unique transcriptome, that the main axis of transcriptional variation includes more that 70 genes whose function is to couple odors to spikes, that the expression of these genes systematically varies depending on the activation history of each OSN, that the environment determines OSN activation history and therefore determines OSN gene expression,  and critically, that expression levels of the 70 function-related genes actually predict how strongly each OSN responds to odors — indeed gene expression is far more predictive of the extent to which an OSN will respond to an odor than the in vitro-defined binding affinity! These results demonstrate that OSNs use dynamic gene expression to predict the presence of odors in the environment, thereby filtering out the expected to emphasize the new. This work has implications for how the brain organizes information about the chemical world, for our understanding of neuronal homeostasis, and for our interpretation of the many single cell sequencing atlases being generated of various brain regions. Getting to these discoveries involved sequencing ~2 million individual cells from the nose, and inventing a whole new way to identify which ORs are activated in vivo by any odor – huge congrats to Tatsuya, David, Stan and Greg (as well as to our collaborator Tom Bozza) on their incredible work and spectacular findings!

One of the great pleasures of this last year – given how messed up COVID has been – has been PiNBAC, the Program in Neuroscience postbaccalaureate program (website here). Bob and Tari Tan — PiN’s amazing director of education — started this program last year to increase diversity and to help create the next generation of leaders in neuroscience. The curriculum includes a deep research experience, a ton of career mentorship, guidance on writing graduate school applications and more. Our own Nigel Hunter is a PiNBAC student – he has been working with Dilansu and Rockwell on the role of the Ms4as in Alzheimer’s disease (and has been killing it). There are seven spectacular students in the first class, and it has been incredibly exciting to see them come together and cohere as a group. We can’t wait to see how they are going to change neuroscience in the future!

There is no point spilling more ink about the disaster that has been 2020, except to say that — thankfully — most members of the Datta lab have come through it intact. We had our annual holiday party via Zoom (a little secret santa here, a little jackbox there) which filled all with some much needed cheer. From all of us to all of you  – happy holidays and merry New Year! Here is to a better 2021!

 

Like many labs doing computational ethology, we are on the one hand racing ahead in terms of building methods to organize information about spontaneous behavior, but on the other hand lack tools (conceptual or practical) for deciding whether one way of describing behavior is better or worse than any other (and hence whether anything we do helps or hurts). Here we take a small step towards addressing this challenge by taking advantage (as one does) of drugs. We use neuro- and psychopharmacology to induce behavioral variability in a cohort of hundreds of mice, and then ask about the ability of various behavioral characterization methods (including Motion Sequencing) to tell drugs apart. The work demonstrates that MoSeq is great at this kind of task, reveals something about why, and leads to a proposition that behavioral syllables are druggable targets that might be useful for building therapeutics. Congrats to Alex Wiltschko, Tatsuya Tsukahara and everyone else who helped out with this lovely work.

Check it out here!

practical advice for the zombie apocalypse

…and why, to most of us, do lemon and pizza smell different? And, given this invariance, why is smell such a personal, individualized sense? Stan Pashkovski recently published a gorgeous paper (here) addressing these fundamental questions in olfactory biology. Answering these questions, in the end, comes down to understanding how information about odor chemistry – the stimulus feature that the olfactory system cares about – is organized in cortex, how that organization might be invariant across individuals, and how that organization is made plastic based upon context and an individual’s experience. Surprisingly, though, to date no one had identified systematic representations for odor chemistry or odor chemical relationships in olfactory cortex (think about where systems neurobiology would be today if we didn’t at least have some understanding of this already for vision and audition!). To take on this longstanding challenge, Stan (with help from Giuliano and David) used an incredibly clever combination of chemoinformatics, multiphoton imaging and molecular/circuit manipulations to not only identify how cortex encodes chemical relationships, but to understand how cortex transforms information about relationships inherited from the sensory periphery based upon experience. The paper both articulates models for odor perception and argues that the olfactory cortex will be a perfect substrate for studying unsupervised learning…an ongoing scientific obsession in the lab. A huge congrats to Stan on this tour-de-force!

If you meander over to the personnel page, you’ll see that the Datta lab has been joined by a peck of new postdocs (BTW, a peck apparently is equivalent to two gallons – who knew?). These include Greg Guichounts, who is joining us from David Cox’s lab at Harvard where he studied behavioral modulation of visual cortical responses (he has an amazing paper on the way – be on the lookout for it!); Dana Rubi Levy from Ofer Yizhar’s lab at the Weitzmann Institute, where she did this lovely work on social behaviors in mice; Angie Michaiel from Cris Niell’s lab at the University of Oregon, where she has been asking about the balance of top-down and bottom-up influences on visual responses (see here) and doing crazy, amazing things with mounting headgear on mice to understand how they sample sensory cues during naturalistic behavior (see here); and Caleb Weinreb from Alon Klein’s lab just upstairs from us, where he used his pure math background to infer cell states and dynamics through single cell sequencing techniques (here, here and here).

Our lab has become increasingly interested in how the brain uses the intersection of sensation and action to build models of the world and to make accurate predictions during naturalistic, unrestrained behavior – all of these new folks will be working on new projects in the lab that approach brain function from this perspective. Welcome to all!

And already, congratulations are in order – Caleb won a Jane Coffin Childs fellowship and Dana won a Human Frontiers Science Program Fellowship (and, to keep the party going, Jeff Markowitz recently won a Burroughs Wellcome career award)! Congrats all around – we can’t wait to figure out a way to have a socially-distanced get-together to celebrate everyone’s good fortune!

UPDATE – Greg’s super-cool paper about head movement and representations in V1 is now out here.